Spanish with Maria
Tip 10 of 914 min read

Frame Past Age, Time, and Weather

Age, clock time, and weather commonly establish circumstances rather than advance events. Use the imperfect as the default framing choice while staying alert to deliberately bounded changes.

Learning objective

Provide past age, time, and weather as background with appropriately framed imperfect forms.

Age, clock time, and weather commonly function as circumstances in a past scene, so Spanish normally frames them with the imperfect: tenía veinte años, eran las ocho, and hacía frío. These descriptions hold while a foregrounded event occurs.

La forma habitual para la edad es tener, no ser: Cuando tenía doce años, vivíamos en Perth. Para la hora se usa ser: Era la una, pero eran las dos. La concordancia cambia con la expresión horaria, igual que en presente.

The imperfect is a strong default, not a ban on bounded weather. Hizo frío durante toda la expedición evaluates a completed period, and empezó a llover marks the onset of rain. Cumplió veinte años names a birthday rather than describing someone's age.

Integra estos datos en una escena útil. Eran las siete y hacía calor explica por qué abrimos las ventanas; tenía dieciséis años aporta contexto a una decisión posterior. Si el detalle no ilumina el relato, una forma correcta todavía puede resultar discursivamente innecesaria.

Examples

  1. Eran casi las once cuando terminó la función.

    It was nearly eleven when the performance ended.

    Imperfect clock time frames the bounded ending.

  2. Cuando tenía ocho años, le tenía miedo a las tormentas.

    When I was eight, I was afraid of storms.

    Spanish uses tener for both age and this expression of fear; natural English uses was.

  3. Hacía viento y las nubes cubrían la montaña.

    It was windy, and clouds covered the mountain.

    Weather and appearance form simultaneous background circumstances.

  4. Hizo mucho calor durante los tres días del festival.

    It was very hot throughout the festival's three days.

    The preterite packages the entire completed event as a bounded weather interval.

Common mistake

Instead of
Cuando fui diecisiete años, fueron las seis y fue frío.
Try
Cuando tenía diecisiete años, eran las seis y hacía frío.

The correction uses the conventional verbs for age, clock time, and weather and presents all three as background. The original copies English was into forms of ser without considering Spanish constructions or the role of the details in the scene.

Practice

Try it yourself

Draft the opening of a witness statement. Include the witness's age at the time, exact clock time, two weather conditions, and one bounded change in weather. Then add the event that the witness observed.

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