Spanish with Maria
Tip 28 of 915 min read

Describe Something Unknown or Not Yet Found

A relative clause can describe a specific known person with the indicative or an unknown, nonexistent, or sought person with the subjunctive. The antecedent's status matters.

Learning objective

Use mood in relative clauses to distinguish identified antecedents from unknown ones.

An antecedent is the noun, person, or thing described by a relative clause. Spanish often uses indicative when that antecedent is identified and known, but subjunctive when the speaker seeks, denies, or has not yet identified a suitable referent.

Busco a la diseñadora que conoce este programa se refiere a una profesional concreta: el hablante sabe quién es y afirma su experiencia. Busco una diseñadora que conozca este programa define a cualquier candidata que cumpla un requisito aún pendiente.

The indefinite article alone does not trigger subjunctive. Tengo un vecino que arregla bicicletas uses indicative because the neighbour exists and is identifiable. No tengo ningún vecino que arregle bicicletas uses subjunctive because the required person is absent from the speaker's world.

Las preguntas permiten varias posturas. ¿Hay alguien que puede ayudarnos? puede sugerir que el hablante espera una persona concreta o confirma una capacidad. ¿Hay alguien que pueda ayudarnos? deja abierta la existencia de esa persona y suele ser más natural al buscarla.

A negative main clause does not automatically erase every antecedent. No contratamos al técnico que vive cerca still identifies that technician; the negation applies to hiring. No contratamos a ningún técnico que viva cerca denies the existence of a hired person matching the description.

Para escoger el modo, pregunta si podrías señalar al referente dentro de la conversación. Si ya está identificado, el indicativo añade datos sobre él. Si solo describes el perfil buscado o afirmas que nadie lo cumple, usa subjuntivo.

Examples

  1. Necesito el informe que contiene las cifras de abril.

    I need the report that contains the April figures.

    The definite report is identified, and contiene adds asserted information about it.

  2. Necesito un informe que contenga cifras comparables.

    I need a report containing comparable figures.

    No particular report has been found; contenga defines the required profile.

  3. Conozco a alguien que trabaja en ese hospital.

    I know someone who works at that hospital.

    The speaker identifies an existing person even though their name is not supplied.

  4. No conozco a nadie que trabaje en ese hospital.

    I don't know anyone who works at that hospital.

    Nadie and subjunctive trabaje deny a known person matching the description.

Common mistake

Instead of
Busco el documento que tenga la firma de Ana; está en mi escritorio.
Try
Busco el documento que tiene la firma de Ana; está en mi escritorio.

The second clause identifies a particular document and location, so tiene presents its signature as known information. Tenga would fit if the speaker were searching for any as-yet-unidentified document that met that requirement.

Practice

Try it yourself

Prepare a four-item recruitment note. Identify one known colleague and one existing document with indicative relative clauses; then request an unknown interpreter and state that no available room meets a requirement using subjunctive relative clauses.

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